Do Learners Have Insight into the Levels of Processing Effect? Exploring Unresolved Levels of Processing Phenomena with Judgments of Learning

The levels of processing (LOP) effect shows that semantic processing leads to better retention than other types of processing. The effect is routinely obtained on many types of tests, yet, to this day, its mechanisms are still debated and it is poorly understood. In two old/new recognition experiments, I investigated potential explanations as to why the LOP effect occurs under intentional learning instructions. I asked a) whether subjects were aware of the LOP effect while they were studying the material, b) whether explicitly encouraging subjects to study the words with their idiosyncratic strategies would eliminate the effect, and c) whether the shallow orienting tasks impaired future performance after deep encoding of the material. I employed the standard LOP paradigm in which the orienting question appeared before the word (Experiment 1) and a reversed order paradigm in which the word appeared before the orienting question (Experiment 2). In both experiments, a group of subjects made judgments of learning (JOLs). The results indicated that subjects did not accurately predict the LOP effect, even though they were somewhat aware of it. The LOP effect still occurred under the reversed order paradigm with explicit instructions to study during delay and under the reversed order paradigm with JOLs, though it was attenuated or eliminated between some levels. In addition, the act of making JOLs enhanced performance for the shallow orienting tasks, adding to evidence that JOLs are reactive measures. Thus, giving JOLs can promote semantic processing to some extent and attenuate the LOP effect. Not being able to predict the LOP effect accurately and not engaging in spontaneous semantic processing under the shallow orienting questions might be potential explanations for the recurring LOP effect under intentional learning instructions

Hedeflenmeyen Bilgi Uyaranının Davranış Öncesi ve Sonrası Uyarana Eklenerek Sunulması Fark Yaratır mı?

In this study, the researchers aimed to compare the effectiveness and efficiency of simultaneous prompting procedure in which non-target information was in the antecedent and consequence of teaching trials while teaching core academic skills from general education curriculum to three students with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in high school mainstreaming classroom who were aged 16 to 17. For this purpose, the researchers used an adapted alternating treatments design. Additionally, the researchers collected social validity data from students with ASD through subjective evaluation and analyzed them descriptively. The effectiveness findings showed that all students acquired target academic skills and non-target information provided in both teaching procedures. Efficiency findings showed that the procedure in which non-target information in the antecedent was more efficient for all parameters except the number of minutes of instruction to criterion. In fact, the procedure in which non-target information in the consequence was shorter in length for one student. Finally, social validity findings showed that all students indicated positive opinions regarding target skills, intervention process, and the outcomes. Limitations and implications for practice and future research are discussed.Bu araştırmada ortaöğretimde kaynaştırma uygulamalarından yararlanan, yaşları 16-17 arasında değişen, otizm spektrum bozukluğu (OSB) tanısı olan üç öğrenciye genel eğitim müfredatında yer alan akademik becerilerin öğretiminde hedeflenmeyen bilgi uyaranının davranış öncesi ve sonrası uyarana eklenerek sunulduğu eşzamanlı ipucuyla öğretim uygulamalarının etkililik ve verimliliklerini karşılaştırmak hedeflenmiştir. Bu amaçla tek-denekli araştırma modellerinden uyarlamalı dönüşümlü uygulamalar modeli kullanılmıştır. Ek olarak OSB tanısı olan öğrencilerden öznel değerlendirme yaklaşımıyla sosyal geçerlik verisi toplanarak betimsel olarak analiz edilmiştir. Araştırmanın etkililik bulguları öğrencilerin her iki öğretim uygulamasıyla da hedef akademik becerileri ve hedeflenmeyen bilgi uyaranlarını edindiklerini göstermiştir. Verimlilik bulguları ise toplam öğretim süresi hariç tüm parametrelerde hedeflenmeyen bilgi uyaranının davranış öncesi uyarana eklenerek sunulduğu eşzamanlı ipucuyla öğretim uygulamasının daha verimli olduğunu göstermiştir. Yalnızca bir öğrenci için hedeflenmeyen bilgi uyaranının davranış sonrası uyarana eklenerek sunulduğu eşzamanlı ipucuyla öğretim uygulaması için geçen sürenin daha kısa olduğu görülmüştür. Sosyal geçerlik bulguları ise katılımcıların hedef becerilere, uygulama sürecine ve araştırmanın sonuçlarına ilişkin görüşlerinin olumlu olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Uygulamaya ve ileri araştırmalara yönelik önerilerde bulunulmuştur

Prevalence and patterns of higher-order drug interactions in Escherichia coli.

Interactions and emergent processes are essential for research on complex systems involving many components. Most studies focus solely on pairwise interactions and ignore higher-order interactions among three or more components. To gain deeper insights into higher-order interactions and complex environments, we study antibiotic combinations applied to pathogenic Escherichia coli and obtain unprecedented amounts of detailed data (251 two-drug combinations, 1512 three-drug combinations, 5670 four-drug combinations, and 13608 five-drug combinations). Directly opposite to previous assumptions and reports, we find higher-order interactions increase in frequency with the number of drugs in the bacteria's environment. Specifically, as more drugs are added, we observe an elevated frequency of net synergy (effect greater than expected based on independent individual effects) and also increased instances of emergent antagonism (effect less than expected based on lower-order interaction effects). These findings have implications for the potential efficacy of drug combinations and are crucial for better navigating problems associated with the combinatorial complexity of multi-component systems

IS THERE A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CAFFEINE INTAKE AND SMOKING AND POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE SYMPTOM SEVERITY IN SCHIZOPHRENIA?

Background: It has been reported that caffeine intake and smoking are more frequent in patients with schizophrenia than the general population. However, the cause of high caffeine and smoking and its correlation with positive and negative symptoms is unclear. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to evaluate the correlation between daily caffeine intake and smoking and the severity of positive and negative symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. Subjects and methods: This study included 177 participants, 89 of whom were healthy controls and 88 patients with schizophrenia. Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS) and Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) scales were applied to the patients with schizophrenia to measure the severity of positive and negative symptoms of the disease. Results: The amounts of caffeine and tobacco consumption were significantly higher in the patients group than healthy controls (p=0.001 and p<0.001, respectively). There was no significant correlations between daily caffeine consumption and SAPS or SANS scores in patients with schizophrenia. There was a significant positive relationship between SAPS-delusions score and tobacco consumption. Conclusions: Our study is the first study in the literature that examines the relationship between caffeine and cigarette intake and SANS and SAPS scales in patients with schizophrenia. Although caffeine intake is higher in patients with schizophrenia than healthy controls, this study is valuable as it shows that it is not associated with symptom severity. In addition, although it is known that smoking is high in patients with schizophrenia, this study showed a positive relationship between SAPS-delusion scores and tobacco consumption

Türkiye’de Doping, sporcuların doping bilgi düzeylerinin ölçülmesi (Hentbol Örneği)

The purpose of this study is to discuss doping in Turkey and to assess the knowledge level of handball players in Turkey. Sample in this study is composed of 148 players who have been selected randomly among 336 players from 24 teams (12 men - 12 women) that were competing in the season 2007-2008.A questionaire prepared by expert opinion is employed as the data collection method. First the questionaire is applied to a group of 40 handball players, then the questions are revised according to the answers given by this specific group of players and validity-reliability tests are conducted. Reliability test is performed by using Cronbach Alpha internal consistency technique and the coefficient is obtained as 0.82. In this study, literature survey has been conducted to examine the historical progress of doping which has been verified with numerical data. According to the results of percentage (%) and frequency (f), t-test and ANOVA, 50.7% (N=75) of the contributors is &ldquo;male&rdquo; whereas the remaining 49.3% (N=73) of the contributors is &ldquo;female&rdquo;.As a conclusion of this study, it can be stated that the knowledge level of handball players about doping is limited and the knowledge level of men seems to be higher than the knowledge level of women. It is also revealed that some players have been using doping.Bu &ccedil;alışmanın amacı, T&uuml;rkiye&rsquo;de doping ve hentbolcuların doping bilgi d&uuml;zeylerini belirlemektir. &Ccedil;alışmanın &ouml;rneklemi T&uuml;rkiye Hentbol Federasyonunun S&uuml;per Lig Hentbolcuları, 2007&ndash;2008 d&ouml;neminde m&uuml;cadele eden 24 adet takımdan (12 Bay- 12 Bayan) 336 sporcu arasından tesad&uuml;f&icirc; y&ouml;ntemle se&ccedil;ilmiş 148 sporcudan oluşturmuştur. Veri toplama aracı olarak uzman g&ouml;r&uuml;ş&uuml; alınarak hazırlanan anket kullanılmıştır. Anket 40 kişilik bir hentbol sporcu grubuna uygulanmış, doldurulan anketlere g&ouml;re sorulardaki eksiklikler giderilerek yeniden d&uuml;zenlenmiş ve anketin ge&ccedil;erlik-g&uuml;venirlik &ccedil;alışması yapılmıştır. Cronbach Alpha (a) i&ccedil; tutarlılık y&ouml;ntemi ile g&uuml;venilirlik &ccedil;alışması yapılmış ve 0.82 değeri bulunmuştur. &Ccedil;alışma i&ccedil;in ilgili literat&uuml;r taranarak, tarihi s&uuml;re&ccedil; i&ccedil;erisinde dopingin gelişimi incelenmiş ve sayısal verilerle desteklenmiştir. SPSS 10.0 paket programı kullanılarak yapılan y&uuml;zde (%), frekans (f), t-testi ve Anova sonu&ccedil;larına g&ouml;re katılımcıların %50.7&rsquo;sinin &ldquo;erkek&rdquo; (N=75), %49.3&rsquo;&uuml;n&uuml;n &ldquo;bayan&rdquo; (N=73) olduğu tespit edilmiştir.Bu araştırmanın sonucu, hentbolcuların doping hakkında bilgi d&uuml;zeylerinin az olduğu ve doping konusunda bilgi d&uuml;zeylerinin erkeklerin bayanlardan fazla olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Buna g&ouml;re erkeklerin doping konusunda bayanlara oranla daha fazla bilgiye sahip oldukları g&ouml;r&uuml;lmektedir. Bazı sporcularında doping kullandıkları tespit edilmiştir

Streptomyces clavuligerus proteomiği-optimizasyon

TÜBİTAK KBAG15.05.2015Streptomyces clavuligerus, sefamisin C antibiyotiği, bir beta laktamaz inhibitörü olan klavulanik asit ve anti-fungal ve antibakteriyel özelliğe sahip başka klavam bileşikleri üretmektedir. Bu metabolitlerin üretimi ve biyosentezi regülatör metabolizmaya bağlı kompleks regülatör moleküllerin etkileşimini gerektirmektedir (Liras vd., 2008). Streptomyces, dirençlilik, transport, biyosentetik enzimleri kodlayan genlere fiziksel olarak bağlı ya da onlar tarafından regüle edilen regülatör genleri içeren ve böylelikle antibiyoitk biyosentezini düzenleyen gen kümelerine sahiptir (Chater ve Bibb, 1997; Alexander ve Jensen, 1998). Proteomik analizler, Streptomyces’te daha önce karakterize edilmemiş hücresel dinamikleri ve bileşenleri açığa çıkarma potansiyeline sahiptir. Ayrıca proteomik yöntemler kullanılarak belirli koşullar altında ekspresyon seviyelerinde meydana gelen önemli değişimlerin 2D jel elektroforez yöntemi kullanılarak belirlenebileceği ve böylelikle istenen ikincil metabolitlerin üretiminin arttırılmasına yönelik organizmada değişiklikler yapılabileceği gibi (Chaudhary vd., 2013) Streptomyces’te antibiyotik üretimi ve ikincil metabolizma ile bağlantı gösteren morfolojik değişim mekanizmaları açığa çıkarılabilir (Zhou vd., 2011). S.clavuligerus türü için henüz belirlenmiş ve optimize edilmiş bir protein ekstraksiyon metodu ve 2D protein profili çıkarma yöntemi yoktur. Bu çalışmada 4 farklı protein ekstraksiyon yöntemi denenerek ve gerektiği durumlarda modifikasyonlar yapılarak, her ekstraksiyon için 2D jelleri hazırlanmış ve jeller birbirleriyle Delta2D programı ile karşılaştırılarak, protein miktarı ve yoğunluğu, ekstraksiyon yönteminin verimliliği açısından en uygun yöntem olan Fenol Ekstraksiyon yöntemi I (Faurobert vd., 2007) seçilmiştir. Böylelikle ileride yapılacak S.clavuligerus proteom çalışmalarımızın ilk ve en önemli basamağı için optimize bir yöntem belirlemiş bulunmaktayız.Streptomyces clavuligerus produces cephamycin C antibiotic, the β-lactamase inhibitor clavulanic acid, and several other clavam compounds that show antibacterial and antifungal activities. The production and biosynthesis of these metabolites requires the interplay of complex regulatory molecules linked to the regulatory metabolism (Liras vd., 2008). Streptomyces possess gene clusters that orchestrate the biosynthesis of these antibiotics, which include resistance, transport, regulatory genes physically linked and regulated with genes encoding biosynthetic enzymes (Chater and Bibb, 1997; Alexander and Jensen, 1998). Proteomic analyses have the potential to reveal previously uncharacterized components and dynamics in the cellular networks in streptomycetes. Furthermore, the mechanism of differentiation which is correlated with antibiotic production and secondary metabolism in streptomycetes can be understood by proteomics (Zhou et al., 2011) as much as significant changes in expression levels under certain conditions by using 2D gel electrophoresis can be detected and used for engineering the organisms for the increase of secondary metabolites of interest (Chaudhary et al., 2013). There has been no optimized procedure for the protein extraction from S. clavuligerus yet. In this study, 4 different protein extraction methods with the modifications on them if needed were used to prepare 2D gels and those gels were compared with each other by using Delta2D program with respect to their spot number, density and the efficiency of the extraction method so that Phenol Extraction Method I (Faurobert et al., 2007) was chosen as the most suitable protein extraction method, which is the first and the most important step for the S. clavuligerus proteomic studies that will be performed in the future

Over restrictive elimination of foods in children with foodallergy

Background. Previous studies demonstrated critical deficits in diagnosis and management of childhood foodallergy (FA), and recent developments in FA research support adopting a proactive approach in FA management.Our objective was to describe FA knowledge and management patterns of pediatricians.Method. We applied a 24-item survey to 170 general pediatricians, pediatric allergists and pediatricgastroenterologists practicing in Turkey.Results. Some IgE-mediated symptoms of FA such as cough, urticaria, wheezing and anaphylaxis were falselyrecognized as symptoms of non-IgE-mediated FA by 30%, 29%, 25% and 19% of the participants, respectively.By contrast, 50% of the participants falsely recognized bloody stool, a finding of IgE-mediated FA. Mostfrequently and least frequently used diagnostic tools were specific IgE (30.5%) and oral food challenge test(1.7%), respectively. Maternal diet restrictions and infant diet restrictions were advised by 82% and 82%,respectively. Percentages of physicians eliminating only 1 food were 21%, 19%; 2 foods were 15%, 11%; 3 foodswere 7%, 8%; 4-5 foods were 8%, 11%; 5 to 10 foods were 21%, 26%; and >10 foods were 28%, 25% from thematernal and infant diet, respectively. Cow’s milk, cheese, butter, yoghurt, baked milk products and hen’s eggwere the most commonly restricted items.Conclusion. Overall, FA knowledge of pediatricians was fair. Pediatricians utilize an overly restrictive approachwhen advising diet eliminations in FA. Recent developments favor a more proactive approach to induce immunetolerance and need to be encouraged in pediatric clinical practice. Future educational efforts should focus onemphasizing the deleterious effects of injudicious and extensive eliminations

Characteristics of food allergy in children: National multicenter study

Conference: Congress of the European-Academy-of-Allergy-and-Clinical-Immunology (EAACI) Location: Lisbon, PORTUGAL Date: JUN 01-05, 2019Background : Food allergies impose a significant burden on the life of the child and the family. In this study, to determine the demographic characteristics of food allergies, we investigated the characteristics of patients with food allergies in different regions of Pediatric Allergy- Immunology departments in Turkey. Method : Turkey ' s National Study of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Society has conducted a Study Group on Food Allergies. 25 centers participated in this multicenter, cross- sectional and descriptive study.European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunolog